Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between preschool children's behavior problems and social ability, so as to provide scientific evidence for parents and health-care physicians to deal with children's behavioral problems.Methods A total of 1 028 preschool children aged 4-6 years from 5 kindergartens in Chaoyang District, Beijing were recruited by random cluster sampling method. Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist Questionnaire(CBCL) was used to investigate children's parents.Correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of preschool children's behavior problems and the correlation of behavior problems and social ability.Results The overall detection rate of behavior problems among preschool children was 14.60%. The high detection rates of boys were sexual problems(12.42%), social withdrawal(2.85%) and depression(2.44%),respectively, while girls were hyperactivity(6.38%), obesity(4.47%) and schizophrenia(3.62%), respectively. Scores of children's behavior problems were negatively related with social ability. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high social ability score was a protective factor for children's behavioral problems(OR=1.133, 95%CI:1.034-1.241).Conclusion Preschool children's behavior problems might be correlated with social ability. When their behavioral problems are diagnosed and intervened, the social ability such as getting along with their siblings or others children should be referred to.