Objective To investigate the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy outcomes so as to provide reference for promoting the outcomes of maternal and infant.

Methods Totally 6 140 pregnant women who gave single birth in a certain area of Beijing from 2018 to 2021 were recruited as study subjects. Their perinatal data within the maternal and child health information system of Beijing were collected. They were divided into GDM group and non-GDM group according to their disease status. The incidence of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes were compared between two groups, and the influence of GDM on the adverse outcomes of pregnancy were analyzed.

Results There were 1 191 cases in GDM group and 4 949 cases in non-GDM group involved in the study. There were significant differences between two groups in terms of household registration, education background, age, BMI pre-pregnancy, gestational weeks, and parity(P < 0.05). The incidence of abortion≥3 times, hypamnios, pregancy-induced hypertension and scar uterus in the GDM group were 4.5%, 4.2%, 6.0% and 22.8%, respectively, which were significantly different from those in non-GDM group(χ² = 6.05, 9.53, 19.38, 32.45, all P < 0.05). The incidence of cesarean section, premature delivery, low birth weight and macrosomia in GDM group were 49.9%, 7.6% and 12.1%, respectively, which were significantly different from those in non-GDM group (χ² = 23.16, 17.84, 10.73, all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that GDM was a risk factors for preterm delivery (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.04-1.75), low birthweight or macrcsomia(OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.03-1.56).

Conclusion GDM is more likely to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery, low birthweight or macrcsomia. Health education before pregnancy should be developed, early detection and intervention during pregnancy should be implemented to reduce the incidence of GDM and improve maternal and infant outcomes.