Objective To investigate the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children aged 6 − 11 years in Pingliang, Gansu province, so as to provide evidence for effective prevention and treatment of children with ADHD.

Methods Stratified multi-stage cluster samples was used to recruit 3 200 students aged 6 − 11 years in Pingliang (Kongtong, Jingning, Zhuanglang, Huating, Lingtai, Jingchuan and Chongxin districts) as study subjects. Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV rating scales was used as investigation tool. The diagnosis was made based on the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) and advice from professional psychiatric pediatricians.

Results The prevalence of ADHD was 4.84% among children in Pingliang, Gansu province. They were different among children with various gender, age, grade, parents’ educational level, family income, parenting style, family relationship and having learning difficulties or not (all P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, 6 − 8 years of age, father’s and mother’s education level being junior high school or below, family economic income less than 50 000 yuan RMB, parenting style being mainly reprimanding, poor family relationship and having learning difficulties were factors associated with ADHD in children aged 6 − 11 years in Pingliang (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion The prevalence of ADHD among children aged 6 − 11 years in Pingliang, Gansu province is at a medium level in China. Health education of ADHD focusing on parents and teachers should be strengthened, to improve early identification and diagnosis of ADHD and promote physical and mental health development of children.