Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression level of apoptosis inhibitory factor survivin and spontaneous preterm labor.Methods A total 80 cases of maternal childbirth from December 2015 to December 2017 in our hospital, including 40 cases of spontaneous preterm birth, 40 cases of full-term birth, were selected as the research objects,. The placentas of the two groups were collected. The expression levels of survivin in the two groups were detected and compared by apoptosis factor survivin immunohistochemical SP method and survivin mRNA quantitative detecting reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results The positive rate of survivin factor in the observed group and the control group was 27.50% and 57.50%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ²=5.667, P=0.001). The percentage of positive cells in the observation group and the control group was (56.32 + 4.85)% and (71.16 + 7.23)%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (t=6.103, P=0.000). The positive rate of survivin-mRNA in the observation group and the control group was 20% and 47.50%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ²=6.679, P=0.000). The survivin-mRNA relative expression in the observation group and the control group was (0.68 + 0.17) and (2.06 + 0.35), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (t=3.476, P=0.021).Conclusion The level of survivin expression in the spontaneous preterm labor group is lower. There is a negative relationship between the level of survivin expression and preterm labor.