Abstract: Objective To investigate the prevalence and main influencing factors of visual abnormality among preschool children, in order to provide scientific evidence for the eye health care work of preschool children.Methods A random cluster sampling method was used to investigate 8905 children aged 3-6 years. American visual acuity screening instrument was used for visual screening. The questionnaire of children's visual development related factors was completed. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors.Results A total of 8905 preschool children received the visual acuity screening and completed the questionnaires, with a response rate of 96.33%. A total of 1266 cases were detected with abnormal visual acuity by screening. The detection rate was 14.22%. The detection rate of abnormal visual acuity increased with age, and the difference is significant (χ²=13.6461, P< 0.05).There was no difference in gender (χ²=0.3810, P> 0.05). The detection rate in urban areas was higher than in rural areas. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=6.9552, P< 0.05). A total of 692 cases were diagnosed as abnormal vision (mainly including amblyopia and strabismus) and the incidence was 7.77%. By Logistic regression analysis, influencing factors of preschool children's vision including genetic, outdoor activity time < 1 h, close watching TV, watching video time > 1 h, father's company time < 0.5 h, reading time > 3 h, mother's education, nutrition, length of sleep and living lighting.Conclusion Social, related departments and families should pay attention to the eye care work of preschool children. It is necessary to adopt comprehensive intervention measures to control the occurrence of abnormal vision.